Grapes Of Wrath American Dream Essay - 1448 Words

â€Å"They had no argument, no system, nothing but their numbers and their needs. When there was work for a man, ten men fought for it – fought with a low wage. If that fella’ll work for thirty cents, I’ll work for twenty-five†(Steinbeck). The renowned novel, The Grapes of Wrath, is a realistic portrayal of life and social conditions during the 30’s when the Dust Bowl swept across the nation, causing many to fall deeper into the depression. This caused many families to leave their homes in search of a safer and more hopeful land. The Grapes of Wrath follows Tom Joad, his family, and many other migrant farmers as they migrate from their Oklahoma farms into their new, hope filled life in California. The struggles that these characters endure†¦show more content†¦In Tom’s situation, him, his family, and many others were forced out of their home and land in Oklahoma due to drought and erosion caused from up to 10,000 foot high dusty wind s. They set out for California with the hope that they would be able to reclaim their self-esteem and self-respect. Tom Joad and his family always kept a sense of subtle hope throughout their journey from Oklahoma to California. Hope is what kept them from falling apart. Although Casy struggled with his inner faith, overall, the family did have faith that a new life in California would work out in the long run and would eventually be best for their family. They hoped that this new life would provide their family with more opportunities, and most importantly a job. When they arrived, they discovered that all of California quickens with produce, and the fruit grows heavy†(Steinbeck). This was the beginning of a new start for the Joad family, but also the beginning of a new struggle. Throughout the novel the Joad family is challenged to survive both physically and spiritually. Their power and resilience is challenged at every turn in their unfolding journey. Casy begins to question his own beliefs along with the teachings of God preached in the Bible. Over the course of the novel, Casy drifts a way from the teachings of the Bible and stops believing in the concept of right and wrong. Well, maybe like Casy says, a fella ain tShow MoreRelatedThe Grapes of Wrath: The Role of Ma Joad1252 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the roughest times in life, we come across crises that reveal the true character in those around us. Those who are strong are divided from the weak and the followers divide from the leaders. In the novel, The Grapes of Wrath, author John Steinbeck presents the character Ma Joad who serves an important role as the rock that keeps the family together. The Joad family, apart from many families in Oklahoma, is forced to leave their homes in search of work and better opportunities; CaliforniaRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s The Grapes Of Wrath1414 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath (1939) contains anticapitalistic sentiments which force the reader to question whether capitalism is responsible for the death of the American Dream, even qu estioning if that dream in fact exists. To explore this further, this essay will examine a number of John Steinbeck’s works in addition to the primary text. To gain a better understanding of a capitalist society, the essay will focus on how society was affected by the economy, industrialisation, and KarlRead MoreInterpretations Of The American Dream1718 Words   |  7 PagesInterpretations of American Dream There exist kinds of interpretations and instructions along the very term ‘American Dream’ ranging from its definition, the different concepts of people about it and its ultimate aim to the doubts upon its realization. Alfonzo Reyas, a Mexican humanist, says that â€Å"America is a utopia†¦ it is the figure of human hope† (qtd. In Parrington Jr. Preface). James Truslow Adams, who was firstly coined the phrase in his 1931 book The Epic of America, however, defined it as a â€Å"dream of aRead MoreJohn Steinbecks use of Realism, Characterization, and Dreams in The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men2450 Words   |  10 PagesSteinbeck wrote about real life experiences using realism, characterization, and dreams to emphasize his points and make an impact on his readers in order to reform or change society. The realism used in Steinbecks works is not only effective in informing the reader of circumstances that should be changed, but this nineteenth century lite rary style also creates great feelings of empathy toward the characters and their dreams. Steinbeck used realism to convey his points for a purpose, and his main purposeRead MoreThe American Dream By The Declaration Of Independence886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream Introduction The American dream is the hope in freedom which enables all citizens to achieve their goals through hard work. The American dream is a belief of equality and prosperity in America. The American dream is a set of ideals that allows society to have high standards of living through hard work of citizens. The country has no barriers and every member who works hard has an equal opportunity. The hope of having a sense of social equality is the American dream (Stalp). ItRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 2778 Words   |  12 PagesAndy Cisneros Mr. Thomas AP Literature 15 October 2014 Author Study: John Steinbeck John Steinbeck, born in February 27, 1902, worked as a manual labor worker before achieving his success as a well renowned American writer. A compassionate understanding of the world s disinherited was to be Steinbeck s hallmark. The novel In Dubious Battle (1936) defends striking migrant agricultural workers in the California fields. In the novel Of Mice and Men(1937; later made into a play), Steinbeck again utilizesRead MoreStruggle for Survival in the Grapes of Wrath2273 Words   |  10 PagesStruggle for Survival in The Grapes of Wrath The 1930s were a time of hardship for many across the United States. Not only was the Great Depression making it difficult for families to eat every day, but the Dust Bowl swept through the plains states making it nearly impossible to farm the land in which they relied. John Steinbeck saw how the Dust Bowl affected farmers, primarily the tenant farmers, and journeyed to California after droves of families. These families were dispossessed from the farmsRead MoreAbraham Lincoln Once Said, â€Å"Life Is Always Going To Be1783 Words   |  8 Pagesemotional stability or mental health as well. While you may be reading this essay this very second, an obstacle may be hindering you right now in your life. Regardless of the obstacle’s severity or duration, every individual has an obstacle and learns how to overcome or endure this obstacle, whether they learn right away or over time. A human being may easily allow restrictions to discourage him from creating his dreams into realit y, yet he also has the option to pursue perseverance through theseRead MoreEssay Comparing the Book and Movie Version of The Grapes of Wrath2014 Words   |  9 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath: Comparing Book and Movie      Ã‚  Ã‚   Ford attempted to establish a sense of historical context by inserting two paragraphs of prose on the screen immediately following the opening credits: In the central part of the United States of America lies a limited area called the Dust Bowl, because of its lack of rains. Here drought and poverty combined to deprive many farmers from their land. This is the story of one farmers family, driven from their fields by naturalRead MoreThemes, Styles, And Techniques Essay2289 Words   |  10 Pagesrelation to fellowship or friendship. When we see the relationship between the two main characters, we come to realize that they need each other and if they are without their second half, they are prone to experiencing this aloneness. The critical essay explains how the migratory ranch worker is basically the Lord’s curse that came upon Cain: â€Å"When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength; a fugitive and vagabond shalt thou be in the earth.† Basically, this is

The Nepal Volunteers Council - 1281 Words

In July and August of 2012, I volunteered with the Nepal Volunteers Council1 for a month in Kathmandu, Nepal, and I found that despite the NVC hired many international volunteers who contribute a considerable amount of money to the organization, it did not disclose to any volunteer its source of funding or where and how much was the money spent. Later on, I was informed that there was actually a board which provides the major funding for the NVC, implying that the organization was not as responsible for the international volunteers as I expected. However, international volunteers are one of the most important stake holders in the perspective of this organization and a transparent environment is important for the sustainability of the NVC in terms of the recruitment of volunteers. The Issue Nepal Volunteers Council (NVC) is a non-profit organization affiliated to the Social Welfare Council and it offers volunteer, internship programs. The objective of the NVC is to continue the process of sustainable development and uplifting the life standard of the poor and the marginalized community through national and international volunteer enlistment. To volunteer with NVC, each volunteer needs to pay a not refundable $100 application fee at the beginning of the applying process, and the program fee is $195 for the first week and $75 for every additional week. The fee covered the accommodation, but most of the fee was spent on the programs that NVC has been running. Averagely,Show MoreRelatedCivil Resistance And The Civil War2351 Words   |  10 Pagespacifist organisation to train key people in techniques of civil resistance. Worth noting is that the resistance group were prepared for Marcos’ next rigged election. It saw half million volunteers monitoring the polls. However, Marcos’ still won. This eventually led to the Cardinal rallying 2 million volunteers to use civil obedience to get rid of Marcos’. 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Membrane Permeability Free Essays

string(50) " carrier proteins and 500 sodium-potassium pumps\." The Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses and Effects of Inhibitory Chemicals on their Action Potentials Aferdita Sabani Biol 2401. C5L Dr. Endley March 20, 2013 Introduction Cell structure and function can be defined in many aspects but one the most important characteristic is that it is enclosed within a cell membrane called a plasma membrane. We will write a custom essay sample on Membrane Permeability or any similar topic only for you Order Now The plasma membrane is by-layer composed of lipids and embedded proteins. This membrane is semi-permeable due to its hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. At the boundary of every cell the plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows nutrients to be brought in and/or removed from inside the cell. The cells permeability and transport mechanisms allow for this occurrence and it is vital for a functional and healthy cell. Transport through the plasma membrane occurs in two basic ways: passive and active processes. The passive transport process is driven by the concentration or pressure differences between the interior and exterior environment of the cell. According to Kenyan college biology department, â€Å"Simple diffusion is when a small non-polar molecule passes through a lipid bilayer. It is classified as a means of passive transport. In simple diffusion, a hydrophobic molecule can move into the hydrophobic region of the membrane without getting rejected†. Particles diffuse passively through small pores within the plasma membrane and they also move from an environment of high concentration towards an environment with lower concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion when it comes to water transport. Both diffusion and osmoses move substances down their concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion is also passive transport, but does not involve the simple movement through pores and lipid dissolving. In this case a carrier protein in the membrane is introduced to facilitate the transport of substances down their concentration gradient. Active transport is not passive because energy in the form of cellular ATP is required to drive the substances across the membrane, therefor the cell must spend some f its energy to get through or move against the concentration gradient. In one type of active transport the substance gets across the membrane by forming a substrate –enzyme complex where the substance is picked up by a carrier protein and are then able to move into cell. This combination is lipid and large so energy is needed to defy opposing forces. According to Pearson/biology, â€Å"Active transport uses energy to move a solute â€Å"uphill† against its gradient, whe reas in facilitated diffusion, a solute moves down its concentration gradient and no energy input is required. If an experiment was conducted where the conditions of transfer were manipulated by adding in larger membrane pores, increasing protein carriers, increasing pressure and adding higher levels of ATP for active transport the rates of transfer will increase providing an optimal level of reactions. Experimental Methods and Materials In conducting this experiment the materials needed were a computer the PhysioEX 8. 0 C D and the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual because this was a computer simulated experiment. Activity One: Simple Diffusion Two beakers were placed next to each other and joined by a membrane holder. Four membranes were used and each possessed a different molecular weight cut off (MWCO) consisting of 20, 50, 100, and 200 MWCO; and were tested using NaCl, Urea, Albumin, and Glucose solutions. First, the 20 MWCO membrane was placed in the membrane holder between the beakers and the first solute studied was NaCl. A 9mM concentrated solution was dispersed into the left beaker and the right beaker was filled with deionized water. This transfer was allowed 60 minutes. At the end of this time lapse the results were recorded (see result section of the report). The 20 MWCO membrane was removed and each beaker was flushed for the next run. A membrane with the 50 MWCO was placed between the beakers and the steps performed above were repeated using the 9 mM NaCl solution for 60 min. and then repeated again for the 100 and 200 MWCO, as described by the A P Lab Manual by Marieb and Mitchell. The next solutions tested were Albumin, Urea, and Glucose. All were placed into the left beaker independently and the tests were run exactly like that for NaCl. Activity Two: Facilitated Diffusion In this experiment the set-up of the two beakers and membrane holder was used again. Only NaCl and Glucose solutes were used and membranes with 500, 700 and 900 glucose carrier proteins The 500 membrane was placed between the beakers and the glucose solution with a concentration of 2. 00mM was delivered to the left beaker. The right beaker was filled with deionized water. The timer was set for 60 minutes. When the time was up the data was recorded and the beakers were flushed to set up for the next run. The same steps were repeated using the 2. 00 mM glucose solution with the 700 and 900 carrier protein membranes, separately for 60 minutes. The last run of this transport mechanism was done by increasing the 2. 00mM to 8. 00mM glucose concentration. This experiment was done the same way as above for each of the 500, 700 and 900 carrier protein membranes for 60 min. respectively. Activity 3: Osmotic Pressure In this experiment pressure readers were added in order measure osmotic pressure change and were placed on top the two beakers. A 20 MWCO membrane was placed between the beakers and a NaCl concentration of 8mM was put into the left beaker. Deionized water was placed into the right beaker. Time was set at 60 minutes. The pressure steps were repeated with the 50, 100 and 200 MWCO membranes Activity 4: Active Transport This experiment resembled the osmosis experiment except that an ATP dispenser was substituted for the pressure meters on top of the beakers. In this experiment it was assumed that the left beaker was the inside of the cell and the right beaker was the extracellular space. The membrane used had 500 glucose carrier proteins and 500 sodium-potassium pumps. You read "Membrane Permeability" in category "Essay examples" Membrane was placed between the beakers and a NaCl concentration of 9. 00mM was delivered into the left beaker and a KCl concentration of 6mM was dispensed into the right beaker. The ATP was the changing variable in this experiment. 1mM of ATP was dispensed and transfer was observed for 60 min. It was observed when no ATPmM was applied and finally when 3mM ATP was applied. Results Activity 1: Simple Diffusion TABLE 1 Dialysis Results (average diffusion rate in mM/min) Solute| Membrane (MWCO)| 20| 50| 100| 200| NaCl| No diffusion| 0. 0150| 0. 0150| 0. 0150| Urea| No diffusion| No diffusion| 0. 0094| 0. 0094| Albumin| No diffusion| No diffusion| No diffusion| No diffusion | Glucose| No diffusion| No diffusion| No diffusion| 0. 0040| NaCl had no diffusion until the 50 MWCO was introduced and then it had a constant rate through the larger pored membranes. Urea diffused at 100 MWCO and up. Albumin had no diffusion through any of the membranes and Glucose diffused only through the 200 MWCO membrane. Activity 2: Facilitated Diffusion TABLE 2 Facilitated Diffusion Results (glucose transport rate (mM/min) | Number of glucose carrier proteins| Glucose concentration(m/M)| 500| 700| 900| 2. 00| 0. 0008| 0. 0010| 0. 0012| 8. 00| 0. 0023| 0. 0031| 0. 0038| As the number of glucose carrier proteins increased so did the rate of transfer for both concentrations of glucose. The higher concentration of the 8. 00 m/M had a faster rate than that of the 2. 00 m/M glucose concentration Activity 3: Osmotic Pressure TABLE 3 Membrane (MWCO) | Solute| 20| 50| 100| 200| Na* Cl-| 272| 0| 0| 0| Albumin| 136| 136| 136| 136| Glucose| 136| 136| 136| 0| The osmotic pressure was highest and only occurred with the 20 MWCO membrane. Albumin had a constant pressure of 136 mm Hg with every membrane and Glucose had constant pressure of 136 mm Hg until it was relieved when the 200 MWCO membrane was introduced. Activity 4: Active Transport Table 4 Run: 1 Solute| ATP| Start Conc. L| Start Conc. R| Pumps| Carriers| Rate| Na*| 1. 00| 9. 00| 0. 00| 500| ——–| 0. 0270| K*| 1. 00| 0. 00| 6. 00| 500| ——| 0. 0180| Glucose| ———| 0. 00| 0. 00| ——-| 500| 0. 0000| Run: 2 Solute| ATP | Start Conc. L| Start Conc. R| Pumps| Carriers| Rate| Na*| 0. 00| 9. 00| 0. 00| 500| ——–| 0. 0000| K*| 0. 00| 0. 00| 6. 00| 500| ——-| 0. 0000| Glucose| ———-| 0. 00| 0. 00| ——–| 500| 0. 0000| Run: 3 Solute| ATP | Start Conc. L| Start Conc. R| Pumps| Carriers| Rate| Na*| 3. 00| 9. 00| 0. 00| 500| —–| 0. 0050| K*| 3. 00| 0. 00| 6. 00| 500| —–| 0. 0033| Glucose| ———| 0. 00| 0. 00| ———| 500| 0. 0000| When 1 ATP was dispensed the Na and K transported at a higher rate than when 3 ATP was dispensed and there was no transport when ATP was absent. Discussion Activity 1: Simple Diffusion Upon observing the results for all of the solutes with the 20 MWCO membrane between the left beaker and the artificial external environment of deionized water in the right beaker no diffusion occurred, because the pores were not large enough for them to pass through. An observation that is important to note is that even the small ions of NaCl did not diffused here, so it is obvious that the other molecules would also not diffuse. At 50 MWCO the pores were just large enough for the dissociated NaCl ions to get through but the threshold stopped there because Urea, Albumin and Glucose molecules in the solute were too large. Observations of the diffusion of the solutes with the 100 MWCO membrane showed that all but albumin and Glucose passed, so urea size was now compatible for the size of this pore. Finally, when the 200 MWCO membrane was introduced everything except Glucose got through because it is a very large molecule that cannot diffuse simply. It must be facilitated. Activity 2: Facilitated Diffusion In the facilitated diffusion of Glucose the parameters that were introduced were the number of carrier proteins available for transport in the membrane. According to the results, when there was a 2. 00mM concentration of Glucose in the left beaker there was evidence of diffusion based on the measured rate of diffusion in mM/min. As the number of carrier proteins increased by 200 between 500 and 900 the rate between 0 . 0008 to 0. 0012mM/ min also increased by 0. 0002 min into the beaker. When 8. 00mM of Glucose was placed in the left beaker with the same carrier protein membrane criteria of 500, 700, and 800 the rate increased. The rate was actually faster than that of the 2. 00 mM concentration. As the concentration of glucose raised the demand for the protein attachment increased so more carrier proteins got involved, while previously some were just hanging out because there was less glucose to transfer. Activity 3: Osmosis In this experiment the study was based on the transfer of water across a membrane. Osmosis of water tends to balance out concentrations, so it will flow to an area of higher solute concentration. Water flowing to a more concentrated solution will usually increase in volume but in this closed system for the experiment the focus was on the increase of pressure. The solutes were confined to their area by a semi-permeable membrane based on the pores of the membrane and the size of the molecules in the solute. With 8mM of NaCl with a 20 MWCO membrane the pressure reading was 272 mHg because the salt was not able to pass through the membrane, but the water diffused to the salt side so there was pressure causing and unequal balance, but with the membranes of 50, 100 and 200 MWCO there was no pressure because the membrane became permeable to the salt allowing an equilibrium between he beakers, therefore no pressure. In the case of Albumin, the water diffused building up pressure until there was no more water left to diffuse so pressure remained constant at all MWCOs. The same occurred with Glucose until the membrane was replaced with the 200 MWCO membrane. Glucose was able to diffuse thus resulting in equilibrium in both beakers. Pressure will rise until equilibrium is obtained. Activity 4: Active Transport The experiment showed that at 1 ATP the reaction took place at very slow rate and not completely. Without ATP the transfer didn’t take place at all. When 3 ATP’s were added transfer took place quickly and almost completely. The more ATP introduced to the cell, the faster and more complete the transport will occur which is very important for the transport of glucose since it is a substrate for the production of more ATP. How to cite Membrane Permeability, Essay examples

Capital Markets Law Journal for Emerging Markets- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCapital Markets Law Journal for Emerging Markets. Answer: Introduction: The economic growth of the present economy hinges an effective and efficient financial sector which accumulates the domestic savings and increases the capital for the projects that are productive. The non presence of the capital markets may result in the certain development productive projects to be unexploited (Ouandlous, 2010). It is the capital market which connects the financial sector among the real sector and hence results in growth not only in the real sector but also results in economic development. A significant role is played by the capital markets in stimulating the economic growth and also as a significant alternative source for providing the finance for the investments that are on long terms (Ouandlous, 2010). Capital markets are responsible for providing the equity capital and the infrastructure capital for raising the socio economic benefits which are the entry, roads, public transport and communications. The well developed capital markets are responsible for many of the economic benefits which include the employment opportunities, increased productive growth, and the enhanced macroeconomic stability (Sissoko, 2016). For focusing on such significant benefits one has to keep a view on the significance of the capital markets while facilitating the advanced economic performance, job creations that are foster by the capital markets and the required preconditions for the growth of the well functioning capital market (Sissoko, 2016). The capital market offers an ample amount of opportunities for the business while trading the monetary securities that increase the benefits of both the society and the markets. The platform is provided by the capital market to the investors while trading the monetary securities (Kolo Walde, 2008). Capital market enhances the developing countries potential growth and innovation. The globalization forces and technology results in new forms of competition that are transformed noticeably from the capital market globally (Kolo Walde, 2008). Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed asserted that that Only a vibrant and well-regulated capital market can bring sustainable economic development in the country through making the real sector capable of meeting the challenges of the competitive global economic realities (Kolo Walde, 2008) Literature review: In 2015 the overall economic development is restrained with unbalanced scenario across the different countries and regions (Lee, Oh Park, 2013). The prospect of the conventional financial theory mainly focuses on the qualitative research and the modern theory of the capital market focus on the utilization of the mathematical model and other methods of analysis to process the empirical and quantitative analysis (Lee, Oh Park, 2013). In the starting of 1952 Markowitz projected the combination theory of investment. The modern capital market theory is obtained from the capital market analyzation. The additional organized capital breakdown is starting with twentys of 20 century (Setiawan, 2010). The analysis of the capital market during twenty to fortys is mainly guarded by two groups that are elementary analysis characterized by Graham and Dodd and on the other hand, Magee represented the technical analysis (Setiawan, 2010). Many theorists argued that the capital markets expansion may have the positive impact on the growth of the economy. In the case, the financial sectors act as the supply leading who transmit the resources from the low growth and traditional sectors towards the sectors of high growth and promote and stimulate the entrepreneurial response in the modern sectors. Joseph Yam (2004) asserted that the economic intermediation is directing savings into investments (Dumitriu Stefanescu, 2016). Aziz and Duenwald (2002) stated that economic intermediation influence expansion through the certain channels such as; it can augment the marginal efficiency of capital by accumulating information to assess another investment assignments and also through risk sharing; secondly can lift savings proportions channelled to savings through economic growth (Dumitriu Stefanescu, 2016). Conning and Kevane (2002) asserted that intermediation means an intermediary (Gulati, 2017). Among this, it was added by Gorton and Winton (2002) that it is the cause institution in the saving investment process (Gulati, 2017). They stated that those monetary intermediaries are companies which borrow from the one having the money in excess such as the savers that lend the money to the businesses that require assets for the investment (Gulati, 2017). Many researchers investigated the relation and significance of the stock market growth with the economic expansion and conclusion given by them suggested that the capital market expansion is absolutely concurrent with long term economic development and capital market role is significant in the economic growth of the nation (Maddock, 2013). Equity capital market size is having a positive result on the economic development of the country, such as the elevated turnover and market cap having the major optimistic influence on the financial sys tem. Studies revealed that the countries having the capital markets that are well-developed experience the economic growth higher as compared to the countries not having it (Maddock, 2013). Certain evidence from the study indicate that many capital markets of the African countries are comparatively underdeveloped, such countries that introduce the reforms which gears towards the growth of capital markets is competent to develop at moderately sustainable and higher rates (Maddock, 2013). In 2011 study demonstrated that South Africa is the country having the developed and the largest capital market, in terms of the trading volume and market capitalization that is growing in a significant way since2000 (Clayton Johnson, 2008). Countries such as Ghana, Egypt, Botswana, Tanzania, and Mauritius, where the capital markets have been recently developing, realizes the average per capita development rates of 2.8% and more from the last eight years (Clayton Johnson, 2008). Though, various economies not having an effective or formal capital market such as Seychelles, Lesotho and Ethiopia are not able to realize average per capita expansion rates over 2.7 % from the past eight years (Clayton Johnson, 2008). Even countries having the little and not much developed capital market such as Uganda and Swaziland is not able to realize and manage the average per capita development rates above 2.7 % (Clayton Johnson, 2008). Sharia compliant capital markets apparently hinges on the three basic principles that are the interest ban, truthfulness in the business and wealth tax (Effendi, 2018). Sharia compliant capital markets work on reducing the poverty, increasing the growth of the financial sector, growing contact to finance, structuring the stability of the financial sector and flexibility in client nations (Effendi, 2018). The Sharia compliant capital markets benefits in the three areas which are the sustainable expansion of Islamic business benefits the economic growth, tumbling poverty and encouragement mutual prosperity. It significantly contributes to the economic development, with an undeviating link to the real economy and physical assets (Paulina, 2017). This results in the growth of the financial sector with the expansion of the financial inclusion. Sharia compliant capital markets while improving their financial access and fostering the inclusion of the financial deprived services (Paulina, 20 17). It emphasises mainly the financing that is based on the partnership and is useful in improving the finance access for the small and the poor businesses (Paulina, 2017). Sharia in the financial markets helps in improving the agricultural market while contributing towards the enhanced food security. Sharia also results in strengthening the financial stability (Jaballah, Peillex Weill, 2018). The worldwide crisis of 2008 ravaged financial systems around the globe, it was only the Islamic financial institutions that were comparatively untouched, secluded by the elementary operating principles of risk-sharing and prevention of speculative and leverage financial products (Jaballah, Peillex Weill, 2018). Research Methodology The purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to understand the scenario of the capital market and its prospects and significance in the economic growth. The research is done to understand the role of the role of financial markets and instruments in economic growth along with this how the developed countries imitate, encourage and regulate capital markets. The role of the Sharia compliant capital markets in economic development. The study reveals how the capital market is responsible for the economic base and influences the future development and helps in realising the potential of the capital market development The capital market has a significant role in speeding up the economic development; hence this research will highlight the capital market significance and explore the credible signs of development (Erdal Yenipazarli, 2013). The Scope of the Study The scope of the study is to understand how the financial segments such as the banking and the socio economic tools which ensure the financial inclusion and supporting growth worldwide on the condition of financing and funding by the Shariah-compliant modes (Biancone Radwan, 2018). It is significant that Sharia capital markets not only proposes the substitute source of investment for the growth of the economic but also have intrinsic principles and characteristics which lend themselves fit to promoting and catalyzing the economic development (Biancone Radwan, 2018). Sources of Data: The data is collected from the both the primary and the secondary sources. Data is collected through the interview that is conducted by the concerned and qualified professionals, surveys, questionnaires, articles, reports and the annual reports. The questions related to the topic that is asked in the interview are as follow: What role doses the capital market plays in the growth of the economy? How does the Sharia compliant capital markets in economic development? The setbacks of the stock market in the economic growth? Discuss the present scenario of the capital market? Discuss the prospective signs that are responsible for the economic growth? How is the financial inclusion responsible for the economic growth? To discuss the major Islamic finance principles those are responsible for the economic growth? How is the capital market responsible for the economic growth and results in job creation? What is the connection between the development of the financial systems, economic growth, and the capital markets? Methods and Techniques Adopted in the Study: The methods and the techniques that are to be adopted in the research study is the qualitative research methodology. The approach of the qualitative research methodology is applied for reviewing the present literature from the different resources that are the scholarly journals, academic, documents, magazines, workshops, and other associated literature of finance industry. The data that is collected for the qualitative research depends on the three variables that are the GDP, GFCF (Real gross fixed capital formation and also the trade activities which include the import and export (Biancone Radwan, 2018). Empirical Analysis: The research utilizes an empirical and investigation analysis approach. The study analysed that the indicators for the capital market growth are considered as the ratios of the share traded, gross capital formation, market capitalization, gross domestic products and foreign private investment as the explanatory variables, on the other hand, GDP is considered as a dependent variable (Hanif, 2011). Research deepens the result empirically and explores certain indicators that explain the normal relation between the growth and finance. The three possibilities which are observed are that; financial growth is a factor of economic development that is leading the supply; financial growth is followed by the economic growth following demand; bidirectional casual among the growth and finance (Hanif, 2011). The stochastic representation of the elementary connection between the capital market expansion and economic development is precisely based on the apparent linear practical relationship among capital market development and economic growth. This facilitates to investigate empirically the connection between the capital market development and economic growth. Hence for considering the growth indicators of the capital market, the ratio of the share value that is traded, gross capital formation, market capitalization and foreign personal investment, to GDP, as an instructive variable, on the other hand, the GDP (gross domestic product) growth act as a dependent variable (Hanif, 2011). The research results to understand that the capital market sustainable development results to augment speedy rates of capital accumulation for better gains in productivity and also among the economic growth among the requirement to balance market development among the macroeconomic policy of real sector drive reminiscent of noteworthy decrease in lending rates to encourage manufacturing activities and investment in the real sector and transform capital market gains to output growth (Hanif, 2011) . Conclusions and Recommendations Hence from the research, it is concluded that the capital markets role is important for the comprehensive growth in provisions of wealth distribution and safer capital for the investors. Capital markets can results in to the financial inclusion by commencing the new-fangled services and products customized to suit the investors inclination for return and risk among this the borrowers risk appetite and project requirements. Credit counselling, Innovation, financial education and appropriate section identification comprise the promising strategies to attain this. The positive economic development in a great way is connected with the goal of enhancing the financial inclusion. Hence the Shariah-Compliant Socio-Economic tools of the capital markets resulted in the economic development with an increase in an output and creating jobs. References Biancone, P., Radwan, M. (2018). Sharia-Compliant financing for public utility infrastructure.Utilities Policy, 5(1), 2-10. Clayton Johnson, W. (2008). Recent SEC initiatives that should enhance access to the US capital markets by foreign private issuers.Capital Markets Law Journal,3(4), 389-416. Dumitriu, R., Stefanescu, R. (2016). Impact of the NYSE Shocks on the European Developed Capital Markets.SSRN Electronic Journal 2(1), 5-6. Effendi, J. (2018). The determinant of equity financing in sharia banking and sharia business units.Economic Journal Of Emerging Markets,10(1), 111-120. Erdal, F., Yenipazarli, A. (2013). Which Economic Freedoms Contribute Income per Capita? Are Results Sensitive to the Indicators and the Estimation Methods?.Emerging Markets Finance And Trade,49(s5), 130-147. Gulati, M. (2017). How Much Can the Global Bond Markets Constrain Bad Governments?.Capital Markets Law Journal,12(1), 1-2. Hanif, M. (2011). Re-Action of Market to Sharia Compliant Index (KMI-30): An Opinion Survey of Accounting Finance Executives.SSRN Electronic Journal. Jaballah, J., Peillex, J., Weill, L. (2018). Is Being Sharia compliant worth it?.Economic Modelling. Kolo, A., Walde, T. (2008). Economic crises, capital transfer restrictions and investor protection under modern investment treaties.Capital Markets Law Journal,3(2), 154-185. Lee, H., Oh, S., Park, K. (2013). How Do Capital Structure Policies of Emerging Markets Differ from Those of Developed Economies? Survey Evidence from Korea.SSRN Electronic Journal 4(2), 6-8.. Maddock, R. (2013). Banks, Capital Markets and Australian Economic Development.SSRN Electronic Journal 10(2), 124-125. Ouandlous, A. (2010). Capital Markets And Economic Development: A Framework For Newly Liberalized Economies.Journal Of Business Economics Research (JBER),8(6), 178. Paulina, P. (2017). Sharia Finance Industry: Role and Contribution in Indonesia's Economic Development Currently.Journal Of Islamic Banking And Finance,5(2), 8-15. Setiawan, K. (2010). Do Emerging Capital Markets Move Toward the World Integrated Market? A Study on Comovement of Returns between Emerging Capital Markets in Asia and Developed Capital Markets.SSRN Electronic Journal, 2(4), 9-10. Sissoko, C. (2016). The Plight of Modern Markets: How Universal Banking Undermines Capital Markets.Economic Notes,46(1), 53-104.

Managerial Prerogative Essay Example

Managerial Prerogative Essay There are still ongoing arguments on whether managerial prerogative should be practise by manager without any external interference from states, trade unions and employees. Human Resource Management (HRM), described by Boselie (2009) is using the human resources through high performance work practises which increase an organisation’s competitive advantage (p. 93). Boselie’s reference to high performance work practices indicated strong highly control through managerial prerogative. This paper stressed the importance of interventions from trade unions and state tribunals as supported by Nissan (as cited in Godfrey, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 3) that the consequences of allowing managerial prerogative on issues such as recruiting, selecting, training and development reduced teamwork commitment, loyalty to organisation, skilled employees The unitary theory (HRM) enforce managerial prerogative, one source of authority where decision makings should be done by management solely which employees have to obey the decisions management made. Trade union’s intervention (Bray Warring, 2006, p. 46) is considered as the inhibitor force due to the effect of collective bargaining on an organisation. On the contrary, Oakland (as cited in Godfrey, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 559) argued controlling others is not an effective approach. Pluralistic approach pointed out the need for interventions as conflicts are inevitable. There are always issues to be address and solve. This is where trade union’s step in when managerial control undermines employee rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Prerogative specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Trade union negotiates with management regarding the concerns voiced by employees. At times which management tend to neglect as they emphasised on efficiency and standardisation as well as profitability. There are several examples incorporated to illustrate the downside of practising the HRM approach. First off is Australia. The Howard Government â€Å"Workplace Relations Act 1996† has replaced Keating (Australian Labour Party) Government awards with enterprise agreements. The enterprise agreements encouraged individual bargaining contract agreements whereby increasing managerial prerogative. Bray Warring (2006) argued the righteousness of the individual contracts because different employees will then have different pay systems in regards to overtime or weekends or public holiday’s rates (p. 55). The question is whether employees have a choice to accept or reject the offer? Management has made unilaterally decision making when making that offer to employees. In result, teamwork is damaged consequentially of individual pay system Collective bargaining was reduced during that era. Beaumont Harris (1996, p. 392) agreed that HRM removes collective bargaining. Collective bargaining (Gardner Palmer, 1997) is the mutual agreement after trade union and management discussed and negotiated after issues such as remuneration and workplace environment. Barneveld and Nassir (2003, p. 29) pointed out that the individual contracts reduced labour costs as the centralised awards system were ignored. The inequality pay system caused an employee to have lower wage reduced more as compared to fellow colleagues with position and skills. A trade union as described by Perline and Poynter (1988, p. 28) is the solace to fight this inequality as the power of collectivism made their voices stronger in attempting to solve their issues. Therefore, bargaining experiences as Walton and McKersie (as cited in Beaumont Harris, 1996, p. 400) emphasised should be share for the benefits of employees. The shared bargaining experiences are the key towards creating effective teamwork beneficial for problem solving of all parties involved. Understandably, the current econom ic environment, all organisations have to manage effectively and efficiently at the same time using low cost inputs. In order to do this, an organisation has the choice to either hire skilled labour or machineries. Using hire skilled labours for example, in order to attract these people to work in that organisation, a manager (Tsui Wu, 2005) offers lucrative pay to attract the individuals to come and work with the selected organisation (p. 119). When these happen, manager will do further cost cutting through redundancies or wage cuts to accommodate the new recruitments. This short term requirements, Mabey (as cited in Baker, 1999, p. 54) do not strategically fit to HRM’s objective as the approach that oversees long term benefits. The key to attract and retain candidates are to avoid arbitrary treatment by management. The pluralistic approach helps employees to fight this arbitrary treatment. Rhetorically, if training is carried out, on the long term run, current employees will be more multi-skilled. Therefore, the redundancies and wage cuts can be avoided. Organisation does not need to increase labour wages as Goux Maurin (as cited in Grip Sieben, 1997) discovered that training has no real effect on workers’ wages (p. 2). A worker’s wage does not oversee any increment from the training when firm’s paid for it. Either the firm delivered on the job training or off the job training. In addition, the skills of the workers are not rewarded according to their relevance for the productivity of the firm. A worker’s computer skill may be advantageous towards firm’s productivity but nonetheless, a worker’s wage would not be given extra incentive just because he/she possess this particular skill. In other words, the unitarist approach in the organisation increased workers workloads. The downside of adopting this approach is that performance in workplace drop expressing weak psychologically commitment to the organisation. Secondly, loyalty to organisation is now replaced with a contract like economic exchange. In the end, management lose high performance and committed employees. In terms of health and safety issue, what happens when an employee refuse to work in hazardous work environment in fear of his/her personal safety? McDonald as all know is the biggest fast food employer with high labour turnover. Significantly, they are also overtly anti-union. There was a case where two youngsters, Tessa Lowinger and Jennifer Wiebe were exasperated with the unsafe working environment. Their repetitive consulting management on these problems fell on deaf ears. They joined a union because they believed on collectivism power is stronger compared to their individual consultation to management. However, when they were discovered joining a union, their wage was deduce to 25 cents an hour. HRM enforcement subjectively allows McDonald to ignore in ensuring employees safety and punished these two teenagers for joining a union and speaking up for better working environment (Featherstone, 2008, p. 4 5). The other disadvantage of HRM in terms of unfair dismissal can be shown through the case of Drapp and Nickens, former employees of McDonald (Featherstone, 2008, p. 5) who were dismissed because they organised strike. Ronnnmar (2006, p. 61) argued it is the breach of duty of obedience that allowed management to dismiss them based on â€Å"the employer’s right to direct and allocate work. † Yet, management was the one who failed to regulate the content of the obligation of work. Regulating the contract for management was proven to be difficult and economically inefficient to properly define the contract. Plus, it’s an â€Å"employer’s right to direct and allocate work and right of transfer,† disregarding employees sayings (Malmberg as cited in Ronnnmar, 2006, p. 64). Another party that intervene when dispute between management and trade union cannot be solve, by which both parties bring forth their case to state tribunals. It plays the regulatory tool (Peetz, 2005, p. 90) as it introduced legislation that all industries have to follow; keeping managerial prerogative under control. Gardner Palmers (1997) described the process of intervention where the first step is to coerce the defendant and plaintiff to try to come to terms into agreement. If failure to come to terms, arbitrator will make decision to settle the dispute. The decision of arbitrator will usually pass lawful code where it is mutually accepted by both parties (p. 189). Managerial prerogative can be exercise if there are cooperative communication between trade unions and management. Sirota et al. (as cited in Karnes, p. 196) corresponded â€Å"there is a strong positive relationship between employee morale and business success, as gauged by productivity, quality, sales, long-term stock market performance and many measures. Trust is the key to good employer – employee relationship (Tsui Wu, 2005; Hills, Madigan Scott as cited in Beaumont Harris, 1996). A business success is build up by the members (employees) in the organisation! Even machines require human labour to be operative. Another issue caused by managerial prerogative are inefficiency and decentralise decision making in an organisation (Kleiner and Bouillon, as cited in Schwoerer, May Ros en, 1995, p. 535). Nissan plant in Sunderland (Garrahan Stewart as cited in Graham, Dale, Marchington Wilkinson, 1997, p. 5) was supposedly practised empowerment yet employees pace were controlled by increas6ed workload with only short breaks to meet productivity targets. Productivity targets were met as management achieved cost effectiveness. Is this acceptable for employees where they were mislead on the truth? Implementing HRM is beneficial in the long run but only with employer and employees involvement in structuring those organisation’s plans/objectives. However, HRM requires a necessity of intervention from external parties to keep the managerial prerogative’s power exercise in an objective manner. Employees are motivated and be more innovative when they felt that manager or the organisation treat them decently and with respect. It is a matter of providing common framework, strategies that accommodate the knowledge of industrial relations and human resource management. To conclude this essay, it is simply a matter of trying to find the balance that satisfies all parties.

The Barbican Complex essays

The Barbican Complex essays In 1951 the City of London Corporation held a design competition for the building of a new community in the boundary area of central London. Geoffry Powell won this competition along with two other teachers from Kingston Peter Chamberlin and Christof Bon, who formed a partnership to execute the design. The competition received a lot of notoriety partly because of the emphasis on designing a big new residential project, mainly because this event marked the arrival of the planning ideas of Le Corbusier in England. This new project was called Barbican and sited on 42 acres of land. By that time the brutalist architecture HAD flourished in England, which originated from the modernist architectural movement. A typical example of this movement could be the Barbican complex, because it was a part of those buildings which were linear, fortress-like and blockish, often with a predominance of concrete construction. The Estate was a concrete mega structure, which did not appel to many people, as well as the style in which it had been built. That is why the complex gained its notoriety from. Barbican was built on a post-Second War blitzed wasteland by the architects Chamberlin, Powell and Bon, as I already mentioned. It is a masterpiece of asymmetrical, formal planning, built in reinforced concrete and hammered granite. Many may not see the beauty of its construction and open spaces, but it should receive acknowledgement, as it was constructed in difficult times with the purpose to re-populate the central part of London. The history of the complex is very interesting still. Planning began in 1956, but the actual work on it did not start until 1963 and it was finally finished in 1981. The building of the complex may have not been fast but the results are quite fascinating, from my point of view. As overall it is not the most interesting and good looking place, but it has got quite interesting interiors which I will mention in short. The Barb...

Informative Explanatory Synthesis Green Power Assignment

Informative Explanatory Synthesis Green Power - Assignment Example The threat of environmental degradation can be significantly eradicated because nature has provided mankind with alternative sources of sustainable or renewable energy and the power to exercise discretion in policy making. There are several features of the environmental crisis, as a result of the burning of fuels. One of the features of burning fossil fuels is the release of an array of pollutants such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. The crux of the matter is that carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide are greenhouse gases which directly generate the Greenhouse Effect. While the Greenhouse Effect may be important in supporting life, the significant increase in the quantity of greenhouse gases causes global warming (an increase of temperature on the earth’s surface) (Gartland, 42). Again, since burning fossil fuels releases sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide, it is clear that pulmonary and non-pulmonary diseases and health conditions are bound to ensue. Asthma is the commonest pulmonary disease which may emanate from the burning of fossil fuels. Conversely, burning petrol and diesel releases lead in the atmosphere, yet lead deters mental development. It is also important to note that burning fossil fuels in the environment brings about the cocktail effect. The cocktail effect refers to a situation whereby harmless gases combine with other gases in the atmosphere and become harmful. It is a fact that there are alternative sources of energy as has been envisioned by Lemonick, Friedman and Gore. Nuclear power, compressed natural gas, biomass, geothermal power, radiant energy, hydroelectricity, wind energy, solar power, wave and tidal power are some of these alternative sources and forms of energy. Compressed natural gas CNG) as a fossil fuel, is also considered as a viable alternative to diesel, gasoline and propane fuel. CNG is environmentally cleaner, safer (since it does not spill

Reading Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reading Summary - Essay Example It was thereby specifically identified that Thomas Cook had envisioned to take this remarkable opportunity to market visiting these battlefields in 1919, as advertised in the Traveller’s Gazette. As reported, two forms of travel were initially offered: (1) the first class luxury travel and (2) a more popular travel by motor car from Paris. Excerpts of descriptions of these battlefields were cited to provide the readers with the overview on how these were promoted through the Traveller’s Gazette. Facts were likewise provided in the rates for luxury travel, as well as scheduled departures for the battlefield tours during those times. Likewise, rates and schedules were also revealed for the popular travel tours which initially lasted for about one-week. Overall, the article was successful in indicating that even events related to deaths of loved ones through their bravery and courage in battlefields have been strategically capitalized to spur growth in tourism. Summary: â €Å"A New Way of Thinking About Tourism† The article entitled â€Å"A New Way of Thinking About Tourism† discussed the innovative point of view that classifies tourism as mobile and highly connected to people’s daily activities. ... The author rationalized that the focus on mobility naturally emerged with the onset of the telecommunications developments in recent times. The effect of the cited space-time compressions enabled immediate access to places and locations with speed that spans across distance in shorter time frames. As emphasized, readers were illumined on the possibility of thinking about tourism through a leisure mobility spectrum which was apparently described as a day’s activity could include visiting tourist spots, hotels, and other tourist events and be able to access or return to one’s domicile within a day’s frame. The thrust of tourism and mobility is to integrate and connect events usually associated with tourism to other social activities, which are seen as connected, rather than distinct, separate or distant. The recent developments in transport, technology, communications, and opportunities to span across borders of time and space were noted to be instrumental for the emergence of mobility in tourism. Summary: â€Å"Get Ahead: why travel and tourism is the sector to be in† Recent trends on the global market see the travel and tourism industry as one among those with vast growth potentials. In the article entitled â€Å"Get Ahead: why travel and tourism is the sector to be in† written by Jesse Whittock and published online in the Travel Trade Gazette on November 28, 2012. Sourcing the information from the chief executive of People 1st’s travel and tourism, hospitality and passenger travel sector skills council, Brian Wisdom, it was revealed that despite the economic gloom, this particular sector remains robust with statistics that back up the optimistic trend.

Organizational Innovation and Change - Critical Thinking Mod 4 Essay - 1

Organizational Innovation and Change - Critical Thinking Mod 4 - Essay Example Such concerns and reservations on the part of the employees must be resolved at the earliest as this is a grave issue which has cropped up at Perrier. One should believe that the key elements behind this resistance to change include the unionization of the employees. It does not sit well with Perrier and needs to be done away with at the earliest. It creates hurdle of sorts for Perrier which is simply an unacceptable proposition. Whether or not Nestle aims to join hands with Perrier, it should not be a concern of the employees who are working under the realms of the union (Trott, 2008). They are after all the loyal employees of Perrier and any lingering thoughts to be more dedicated towards the union itself are a step in the dark for them. Hence all-out consideration needs to be paid towards the unionized philosophy which is creating hurdles for Perrier. In fact, Perrier is self-reliant in its understanding as to how it must go ahead and form significant touch points with Nestle, which is essentially the world’s largest food company. Another key element why the employees are resisting changing is due to the fact that they w ould have to face more stringent policies that Nestle shall bring with it. It would mean that the employees would find it hard to live up to the expectations of Nestle, which is indeed a much sought after name (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2007). Perrier, on the other hand would not impose similar issues for the employees and the joyride would sustain even in the future as it is being carried out at the present. A change management strategy for Perrier would be devised keeping in mind the adherence of employees towards the unions and how they are actually resisting to the philosophy of change in essence. This is a grave aspect that needs much consideration on the part of the employees, without which there would be

The More Effective Leader: Hitler Or Stalin?

The More Effective Leader: Hitler Or Stalin? Introduction In a sense, a certain analogy appears to be between Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. It is vital to recognize that these two dictators of the twentieth century represented embodiments of modern evil. Both leaders possessed almost absolute power due to their unprecedented level of repression and attempted manipulation and indoctrination. Each of these dictators was drifted by revolutionary and controversial monopolistic set of dogmatic principles about the internal systemization of society and the leading power of history. Although Hitler and Stalin shared some clear parallelisms, their personalities, the effectiveness of leadership and specific regimes were fairly distinct rather than similar. The first part of this essay will concentrate on the analysis of various historiographical interpretations, focusing on the intentionalist view, to critically assess the effectiveness of Hitlers leadership qualities in particular. Secondly, the essay will focus on the comparison of some distinct aspects of Hitler and Stalins dictatorships in order to examine the importance of power hierarchy in both their regimes. It will be argued that both leaders had different styles of leadership that played very important part in moulding of their authorities and leading power. Furthermore, the essay will evaluate some principal tools of power such as the cult of personality, the powerful machine of propaganda, the use of terror and the development of pivotal economic policies, in order to provide a compact framework of Hitlers leadership potential capabilities. It will be highlighted that Stalin counted far too much upon mass terror therefore he was unable to maintain an efficient mechanism of leadership. Lastly, the essay will conclude by connecting the analysis of Hitlers dictatorship to the current debate between historical scholars, therefore the central argument will be proved that Hitler personified more competent and constructive leader compared to Stalin.* *The purpose of this essay is not to establish the fact that Hitler was, to a certain extent, a leading giant or a failure. It is meant to assess a man and the various facets of successful leadership he applied during his domination in the Third Reich that makes him more effective leader in comparison with Stalins abilities and intentions. The Analysis of Historiographical Interpretations of Hitlers Leadership It is indispensable to realize that several historical schools of thought (the Functionalist/ Structuralist and the Intentionalist school) have tried to account for their own arguments and interpretations of Hitlers dictatorship abilities. Lets look at the major points of each historiographical perspective in order to analyze Hitler as more effective leader in comparison with Stalin; and evaluate the relevance of Kershaws theory of Working Towards the Fuhrer in terms of Hitlers role in the Third Reich. Advocates of the Functionalist view, such as Martin Broszat and Hans Mommsen, largely concentrate on the interpretation of systematization of Hitlers Nazi Germany and on his leadership qualities and charisma which played an essential role in strengthening Hitlers leading effectiveness. According to Broszat, Nazi Germany represented a chaotic tangle of conflicting institutions and bureaucracies therefore the figure of Adolf Hitler was not a key driving force behind the dynamics and organization of Hitlers Germany (Broszat, 1981: p. 262). It can be argued that Hitler as a leader did not solely dominate to the Third Reich because there were constant power struggles initiated by several institutions. Furthermore, in Broszats perspective, Hitler epitomized a weak dictator because the Third Reich signified a dualistic state where Nazi Party operated simultaneously with the normal institutions of Nazi state (Broszat, 1981: p. 244). Broszat advocated that behind a faà §ade of Nazi integrity , there were perpetual struggles for power between the revolutionary Nazi institutions, such as SA and SS, and the traditional authority of German state. According to Broszats opinion, Hitlers leadership style enabled Nazi state to emerge as a collection of competing power units which triggered the radical forces to penetrate into German society (Kershaw, 2000: p. 75). Certainly Hitler undermined orderly government in Germany by his habit of appointing several people to practically the same job, resulting in official competing for Hitlers favour. The Intentionalist historiography is embedded in the concept of Social Darwinism, therefore according to this view Hitler was depicted as a fanatical and extreme ideologist who was incessantly avid for nationalism, militarism, the importance of lebensraum and anti-Semitism. It is worth noting that there is a certain parallel between the Nazi bureaucratic machinery and Darwinian Theory of competition in terms of power struggle. In a certain way, Hitler as a leader represented the fittest element of the Nazi Party, relying on his personal appeal. Hitler was essentially responsible for the increasing momentum of radicalization. In Allan Bullocks view, he was very strong and artful leader, creating uncertainty, confusion and tension among his adherents in order to secure his leading post. Therefore, it is evident that Hitlers intention was to provoke unchecked struggle and competition until the natural selection and the survival of the fittest would have occurred (Kershaw Lewin, 1997: p. 96). To a certain extent, a highly regarded scholar Ian Kershaw inclined to endorse the interpretation of Functionalist/Structuralist school regarding Hitlers leadership qualities. On one hand, Kershaw does not associate himself with the thesis that Hitler was a weak dictator and therefore played an unimportant role in the Third Reich. On the other hand, Kershaw had advocated the idea that Hitler was completely uninvolved in the daily administrative work (Kershaw, 1998: p. 529). It is necessary to point out that Kershaw considered Hitler to be a lazy dictator who was highly inconsistent, indecisive and did not engage in the everyday direction of Germany (Kershaw, 1998: p. 533). However, other structuralist champions, such Mason, maintained that Hitler was predominantly involved in the leading of his interests: military decision-making and planning of foreign policy (Kershaw, 1998: p. 532). It might be argued that Hitlers clear focus enhanced his untouchable leading status and veiled him i n the mystery. Moreover, Kershaw argued that the actual importance of Hitler was mainly based on the perception of Germans people of Hitlers personality and not just on the character of his dictatorship.1 _______________________________________________________ 1 It is vital to recognize that some historians agreed that Hitlers effective leadership aimed to arrange his power that would enable him continuously to educate the people in the spirit of his mission by means (in his words) the total domination of every individual (Cassinelli, 1976: p 63). Nazism and Stalinism: The Comparison of Leadership Styles Æ’Â   Ideology The main contrast between the Stalinism and Nazism was that both regimes arose from completely different types of societies traditions. Russias lack of culture, traditions and illiteracy meant that Stalin had very limited possibilities to accomplish his large tasks, such as transform the whole society from bourgeois system to socialist community. The Nazi ideology was shaped Given that Hitler was allergic to any restriction to his power, he had no clear-cut effort to form the administrative anarchy of the Third Reich. It is essential to emphasize that Hitler is characterized by the unbureaucratic style of leadership mainly because he remained quite aloof from the daily business and government and distanced himself from the intricate situations. Although his style of leadership appears to be, to some extent, limited, Hitler predominantly focused on the realm of his personal interests, such as foreign policy and military affairs. It can be argued, that this unbureaucratic style emphasized Hitlers personality, an inescapable product of the deification of the leadership position itself (Kershaw, Ian, 1997: p. 99). It can be purported that Hitler did not want to concern himself with the administration to sustain prestige to match the created image (Kershaw, 1997: p. 100). According to Marx Webers classic study of the authority of power, the quality of Hitlers charisma consists in his apparent possession of supernatural or superhuman or at all events specifically out of the ordinary qualities, which make him appear an emissary of God, or a destined Leader (Schapiro, 1972: p. 21). By contrast, Stalin personified very interventionist dictator whose main objective was to established the centralization of state power in order to eliminate the party-state dualism (Kershaw Lewin, 1997: p. 91) but also to create a monopolization of all decision-making, in relation to economic reconstruction, to open up a giant bureaucratization of all aspects of life. He intended to intentionally provoke instability in the governmental apparatus and society to implement his unpopular policies by the full command of modern means of control and administration [EVIDENCE]. Stalins power was, therefore, described as bureaucratic authority (Kershaw Lewin, 1997: p. 98) hence his influence in daily administration was far-reaching and cross-sectional. This fact suggests that Hitler largely relied on his charismatic impression to coordinate the states apparatus and gain a public support for his policies and actions, therefore it might be argued that Hitler was more effective leader in strengt hening his support and forming a new and higher kind of man by a process that involved the remolding of mens psychologies than Stalin (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 63). However, Stalin was able to transform illiterate and backward masses of Russians into obedient and simple-minded people. He relied on the masses that have a certain purity and naivetà © enabling them to understand the essence of significant situations. [2] _______________________________________________________ [2] As Stalin said, Simple people sometimes prove to be far nearer to the truth than some highly placed institutions. (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 89) ***Joseph Stalin declared: Can such a radical transformation of the old bourgeois system of society be achieved without a violent revolution, without the dictatorship of the proletariat? (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 77) The Effectiveness of Hitlers Leadership There is no doubt that Hitler and Stalins regimes shared some similar characteristics, nevertheless the main argument of this essay is based on fact that Hitler represented more effective and visionary leader compared to Stalin in terms of the cult of personality, propaganda, the use of terror and economic strategies several significant ways compared to Stalin. Therefore it is quite substantial to take into account the extent to which these major factors contributed to the effectiveness of Hitlers leadership. In essence, both Stalin and Hitler applied their power in different manner, however they shared a common ground regarding to implementation of their power. Evidence I: The Cult of Personality One of the principal factor, that significantly contributed to Hitlers effective leadership, was his sophisticated cult of personality. [3] Hitler was regarded as the personification of the nation and the unity of the national community therefore he primarily established his mastery on a cultivated principle of personal loyalty to which he could always successfully appeal at moments of crisis (Kershaw, 1997: p. 93). It must be noted that the principal reason for Hitlers domination of all who assisted him was an extraordinary power of his individuality. Hitler radiated confidence, high self-esteem and strong belief in his ability; it made him extremely powerful and everyone was frightened by his aura of total assuredness (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 73) thus he could stir up emotions and hypnotize the broad spectrum of German society. Hitlers main characteristic features were his skills to achieve an extraordinary power over the German people and ability to accomplish his political objective s. In large measure, his power to grip an attention and public admiration was especially due to his exceptional oratorical talent. [4] Hitler used his speeches as a powerful tool of political intoxication that inspired a degree of fervor in his listeners that seems to defy definition and explanation (De Luca, 1983: p. 96-7). Therefore it can be argued that Hitlers leadership uniqueness stemmed from his geniality to effectively use spoken word in order to manipulate mass propaganda for his own benefit. In Hitlers view, words build bridges into unexplored regions (Bullock, 1962: p. 372). The key aspect of this argument is that his uncanny ability to appeal to the subconscious and irrational needs of his audience and to solicit the desired response made him a formidable political figure (De Luca, 1983: p. 96-7). Furthermore, Hitler, in contrast to Stalin, was able to add the authority of spiritual founder of national socialism to that of party leader. _______________________________________________________ [3] Charismatic rule has long been neglected and ridiculed, but apparently it has deep roots and becomes a powerful stimulus once the proper psychological and social doubt that millions believe in it (Neumann, 1942: p. 75). Both the Stalinist and the Nazi regimes signified a new genre of political system that concentrated the artificial concept of a leadership cult the heroic myth of the great leader, who represented a man of the people and no more super-ordinate monarch who was distant to the masses. However, in Moshe Lewins view, the rapid pace of centralization in Stalins leadership resulted in rapid growth of officialdom; hence, it might be said that the cult of Stalin was replaced by the cult of the state (Kershaw Lewin, 1997: p. 11) hence Stalin predominantly concentrated on reinforcing his authority in order to be seen as autocratic and retain. [5] It is necessary to emphasize that Stalins rise to power was from within the Soviet Union consequently he shared public glorification with former icons such as Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx. The crucial aspect of this argument is that Stalin and his communist ideology could be detached therefore when Stalin died the similar cult of personality never evo lved around his successor but the Soviet communism preserved. It is worth noting that unlike Stalin, Hitler became a permanent image of Nazism. The Fuhrer principle, in essence, rooted in Hitler formulated the Nazis system of governance. [6] megalomaniac ambitions _______________________________________________________ [4] Walter Langer depicts Hitler as a showman with a great sense for the dramatic. However he provides very clear characterization of Hitlers captivating rallies: Not only did [Hitler] he schedule his speeches late in the evening when his audience would be tired and their resistance lowered through natural causes, but would always send an assistant ahead of time to make a short speech warm up the audience. Strom troops always played an important role at these meetings and would line the aisle through which he would pass. At the psychological moment, Hitler would appear in the door at the back of the hall. Then with a small group behind him, he would march through the rows of S.A. men to reach the speakers table. He never glanced to the right or to the left as he came down the aisle and became greatly annoyed if anyone tried to accost him or hampered his progress. Whenever possible he would have a band present, and would strike up a lively military march as he came down the aisle (Lan ger, 1972: p. 46). [5] To a certain extent, a Cult of Stalin Worship developed from a sense of paranoia because he wanted people to deify him and if he had to accomplish it though brutal means then he was prepared to do so. [6] Moreover, it might be said that the loyal adulation of Hitler signified the most effective political instrument of power in Nazi Germany, therefore there was no reliance and dependence on massive domestic constrain that was typical feature for Stalins rule. Evidence II: Propaganda Æ’Â   controlling every single aspect of daily-life Æ’Â   parades and marches provided a sense of order and gave a feeling of belonging. So that the unity between the people was very firm. Æ’Â  youth indoctrination The second key factor strengthening the effectiveness of Hitlers power was the Nazi propaganda that played very substantial role in the setting of totalitarian society. In essence, the primary objective of Hitlers propaganda was not the ideological enlightenment of the masses, but their mobilization for action through extensive spreading of ideas and symbols aimed at influencing opinion and attitude of wide range of people. For Hitler, propaganda was the sharpest weapon in conquering the state, and remains the sharpest weapon in maintaining and building up the state (Hinton Hite, 2000: p. 244). It can be affirmed that every propaganda was the preparation of political activities (Unger, 1974:p. 35). Hitlers effectiveness to indoctrinate society might be seen in fact that the high cultural level of the Germans allowed the Nazis to extensively apply the technical potentialities of modern propaganda as far as possible; therefore Nazis propagandist intended to develop the manipulation of words and symbols into the highest creative art (Unger, 1974: p. 47). [EVIDENCE Æ’Â   Unger p. 43] [7] In some way, this propaganda had also considerable success in strengthening overall support for Hitler and the regime, by reinforcing enthusiasm for a strong leader who was capable of making Germany economically and military powerful. For instance, the Nuremberg rallies brought some excitement into peoples lives and gave them a sense of belonging to a great movement. [EVIDENCE Æ’Â   DATA, STATISTICS World History] In contrast, Stalins propaganda contended with the lack of technical skills and the virtues of labour disciple therefore the effectiveness of propaganda was very limited. Due to the lack of modern mass media in the Soviet Union, a large illiterate masses (especially peasantries), were only indoctrinated by oral agitation which was hardly disseminate across large distances. There were no cultural and informational media which cemented the framework of modern society, therefore the Soviet propaganda was full of stereotyped monotony of Stalins declarative and simplistic slogans convincing the Russians about Stalins greatness and invincibility. In other words, Soviet propaganda had to be adapted to the capacity of the least intelligent and constant repetition was one of its main weapons (Unger, 1974: p. 46). Æ’Â   forcible collectivization of agriculture led to a direct clash between Stalins regime and the majority of the population therefore the rapid mobilization /////In Conquests view, the alienation distinctly increased before the wartime since many Russians started to hate Stalin for the misery he triggered; therefore it led to gradual decline in morale and discipline (Conquest, 1991: p. ). In case of Stalin, the propaganda tool was used to a limited extent and often in a wrong way. It is essential to mention that the widespread fear between the Russian population resulted in limited ability to believe Stalins promises and slogans. EVIDENCE !!!!!! ////Æ’Â  Additionally, it is vital to perceive that Hitlers leading effectiveness was mainly achieved by remarkable Nazi propaganda that enhance the popularity of policies that were genuinely popular, for instance, public works projects (autobahn) or the 1933 Farm Law assuring subsidies for farms. Whereas Stalins propaganda was directed at forming a measure of acceptance for politics that were quite undesirable, such as compulsory collectivization and rapid industrialization. [FOOTNOTES Æ’Â   EVIDENCE!!!!!] Unger Citation!!! _______________________________________________________ [7] According to historian Dick Geary, the Nazi propaganda was most successful: where it could play upon the traditional German prejudices and values of German middle-class society upon issues such as nationalism, anti-socialism, family issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Geary, 1993: p. 59). [8] Evidence III: The Use of Terror and Violence The third crucial element related to Hitlers effective leadership is the use of terror and violence. Terroristic aspect of the two regimes appears to be very significant in order to compare the leadership qualities of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. Hitler seems to have had no deliberate policy of destabilization. In a sense, he tried to protect his deified leadership position by his non-bureaucratic and non-interventionist governance because he did not want to lose a popularity by deciding some unpopular policies. Furthermore, Hitler did not rule internally by terror even so his regime was deeply authoritarian and disciplinary. This means that his effectiveness based on the ability to maintain a supporting base of Nazi members in order to strengthen his own position but also to stabilize the party apparatus. However, with the exception of his purge of the Storm Trooper leadership on the Night of the Long Knives in 1934, Hitler never triggered a systematic attack on members of his ow n regime. However, It is important to note that Hitler never initiated an organized terror on members of his regime. It is significant to highlight that Hitler had his leadership position technically more secure than Stalin. On the other hand, Stalin personified the creature of bureaucracy therefore he appeared intentionally to destabilize government to turn this to his advantage; in the mid-1930s Stalin mainly instigated the liquidation of the kulaks as a class and great purges against his closest supporters in order to eliminate all challenges to his absolutistic rule but also he used the brutality of collectivization to infected the whole political system with the lust for blood and any criticism came to be identified with the sabotage of class enemies (Sakwa, 1998: p. 40). To a considerable extent, Stalins purges and the extensive use of terror and violence undermined the stability of his position and intensify his opposition within the Party sector (Kershaw, 1997: p. 93). However, it might be said that the use of purges represented a kind of weapon against the unstoppable power and expansion of Stalinist bureaucracy which seemed to malfunction. Also Stalins paranoid mentality resulted in unprecedent ed brutality used as an instrument for applying and implementing his policies and terrorizing his followers and Soviet citizens. Therefore he used purges and the Show Trials to remove Old Bolshevik rivals like Zinoniev and Kamenev, in order to destroy their reputation, so that he alone could take the credit for the Communist Partys achievements. Additionally, Steve Rosefielde argues that in the years 1929-38, the average Gulag forced labour population was about 8.8 million, and that the total adult losses attributable to forced labour, collectivization and the purges was over 20 million (Sakwa, 1998: p. 41). This, in fact, resulted in a greater alienation of masses and sustained the Soviet peoples sense of anxiety and feeling of helplessness thus they responded to Stalins force by self-control and dissimulation (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 129). Furthermore, the Purges disruptive effects were felt in the development of industry where the destruction of qualified engineers and managers seri ously undermined the Second Five Year Plan and accounts for Stalins reduction in the scale of the purges in 1939. Nonetheless the destructive policies penetrated through Stalins autocracy and the Soviet people felt perpetually insecure therefore this led to escalation of opposition between the Soviet citizens which had weakening effect on Stalins power. Evidence IV: The Major Economic Policies Another important factor that reflects Hitlers effective leadership is the series of economic policies implemented in 1930s. The main success of Hitlers economic recovery based on the total elimination of unemployment and on stabilization of German economy and progress towards an economy that would prepare Germany for war. For instance, Dr. Schacht organized Germanys finances to fund a huge programme of work creation; the increase in government spending (from RM 8.6 billion in 1932 to RM 29.3 billion by 1938) resulted in schemes to build a network of autobahns or conservation programmes. Moreover, Hitler concentrated on need to gear the economy for war It is important to highlight that Hitler was aware that he needed the support of the German people and could not risk to exacerbate their living standards at the cost of military supremacy. In 1930s, Hitler developed managed economy in Nazi Germany and in 1936 he focused on the Four Year Plan Æ’Â   autobahn completed, industry rebuilt, farmers: Blood and Soil, Workers: Strength Through Joy Æ’Â   Germany was a great economic power Stalin Æ’Â   unsuccessful FYPs collectivization and industrialization still backward- inability to catch up the West!! On the other hand, it might be argued that Stalins economic policies had only moderate short-term success. established the command economy [*9*] in the Soviet Union, clearly without this economic concept USSR would not survived. However, Stalins Five Year Plans were followed by forcible collectivization of the peasantry in order to erase all traces of capitalism and transform Soviet Union into fully industrialized, self-sufficient and completely socialist state without regard to cost. It is significant to point out that the effort to fulfill overambitious plans and resistance to collectivization led to acute shortage throughout the economy. It can be argued that despite the Stalin The top priority was investment in heavy industry which was view as the key to rapid economic growth and as an essential guarantee of national security. The acceleration continued through the Second Five Year Plan and extended into consumer goods. Against a background of a political purges and partial wartime mobilization, the pace of industrial growth slackened in the three years of the Third Five Year Plan, and such growth as took place may be attributed to territorial expansion. (p. 152-3) Falsification Æ’Â   It is vital to point out that Stalins leadership proved to be inefficient in terms of improving the Russian economy in the long run and great human expense. According to Isaac Deutscher, Stalins All-out Drive revolution from above appeared to be unsuccessful attempt to stimulate the production and increase the output because it lacked all rules of logic and principles of economies which were turned upside down (Cassinelli, 1976: p. 117). It is important to realize that Stalins economic policies were aimed at satisfying his own ideology rather than for benefit of people. This clearly supports the initial claim that Stalin was less effective leader than Hitler. _______________________________________________________ [*9*] Soviet planned or command economy was a type of economy in which centralized, bureaucratic management of economy, GOSPLAN, made a wide range of decisions penetrating to production and wages. Basically, the key objectives of centrally planned economy were to build socialism as quickly as possible and centralize the decision making and control. [10] In 1932, the number of unemployed in Germany was 5.6 million, however in 1938 there were only 0.2 unemployed in Nazi Germany. [EVIDENCE] Debate: Intentionalist view and Hitlers Effective Leadership Qualities Intentionalist view Æ’Â   Hitlers leadership domination and effectiveness was apparent in connection with [***]Hitlers dictatorship presented very extreme and intensive totalitarian demands of modern state, such as unexpected degree of violence and oppression, unprecedented manipulation of mass media to gain control and mobilize the masses, an unaccustomed cynicism in the international relations, an extraordinary aggression of nationalism and pestilent power of ideological racial superiority. Additionally, this specific dictatorship demonstrated that the modern, advanced and cultural society could fall headlong into barbarism. Indeed, Hitlers form of dictatorship meant the collapse of the modern civilization. On the other hand, Stalin personified a type of leader who focused on the continuity of Leninist tradition. By contrast, Stalin used hostility and terror as a normal feature of government when the USSR was in peace. His dictatorship resulted in creation of a personality cult of monstrous proportions but he never achieved a popular acceptance for his policies as Hitler did. ******It is vital to highlight that Hitler was more effective leader in terms of his cult of personality, propaganda and social and economic policies to 1941. This year represented a key turning point in Hitlers power and effectivity. Hitlers clash with Stalin indicated that the existing distribution of powerfulness was no longer able to outlast. It is very interesting to see the rapid transformation of power from Hitler to Stalin. Therefore it may be argued that, from the chronological perspective, Hitler was able to keep his authority at the highest position so his leadership skills were clearly better than Stalins abilities. Conclusion In conclusion, although Hitler signified a leader of one of the purest autocracies, there were some limits to his power, but it is essential to point out that these limits did not result from imperfections in his machinery of power but mainly from the context within which Hitler has to operate. However, Hitlers success might be apparent in regard to popular acceptance of his policies but also most Germans appreciated the sense of national community which was constantly instilled into them by Hitler. Furthermore, Hitlers long-lasting interest for the material-well being and social standing gave his regime a popular legitimacy that was one of the greatest success to his power. Security Management: Instant Messaging Perspective Security Management: Instant Messaging Perspective Executive Summary Nowadays, Instant messaging (IM) is used in the corporate environment which is rising rapidly, as organizations welcome to accept IM as a business communications tool. IM promotes cooperation and real-time communication among employees, business partners, and customers. It also brings new threats to local area network security and makes organizations to have a potential risks when employees share illegal or inappropriate content over the internet. Organizations are also faced with reduced employee productivity when IM is used arbitrarily and for personal communications. When use of IM is unmonitored and uncontrolled, it can lead to a significant drain on IT resources, as the IT staff attempt to identify which IM applications are being used and by whom. Moreover, when instant messaging is used to send and receive files, not only can the resulting drain on bandwidth negatively impact network performance, but the files themselves can pose a serious security threat. This report provides information to better understand threats of IM and mitigate its impact to business. The threats of IM are investigated. The trend in growing targets and number of cases are related to IM threats are analyzed. The impacts to business are assessed to identify areas of security management require great concern. Finally, measures are introduced to improve security management such that IM threats become manageable and their impact is reduced. 1. Introduction Today, Instant Messaging (IM) applications have rapidly become accepted by businesses as viable employee communications tools. IM is more instant than email, obviously easy-to-use, and provides the real-time collaboration organizations need to ensure quick judgments and decisions. Using Instant Messaging, organizations and their business partners can make a conference, share files and information easily over the Internet. Furthermore, within the organization, IM conversations among project team members can resolve issues and questions in an instantsomething that might have taken a series of emails, telephone calls, or face-to-face meetings to carry out. IM can be used to provide immediate replies to requests. It can also help promote personal relationships with customers and remote employees, and assist customers in completing transactions with Web-based businesses. This report is shown the concern of security of IM and gives some countermeasure to deal with IM threats. 2. Findings and Analysis 2.1 What threats are related to Instant Messaging? l   Worms A worm is a self-replicating computer program. It uses a network to send copies of itself to other nodes and it may do without any user participation. In case of instant messaging, antivirus software does not currently monitor traffic at OSI Model-network layer. If a worm starts to spread via instant messaging, it cannot be stopped before it reached the remotes computer. Dissimilar a virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing application or program. Worm almost always causes damage to the network when it drains the network bandwidth. On the contrary, virus almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer. The number of instant messaging worms is rising steadily. This is made clear when one considers the list of recent IM worms: n dubbed Pykse.A (16 April 2007) n W32/Rbot-GRS (26 June 2007) However, a few antivirus applications can plug in to instant messaging clients for scanning files when they are received. The lack of applications scanning instant messaging network traffic is partly due to the difficulty in monitoring instant messaging traffic so that the antivirus product running at the desktop level can catch the worms. l Backdoor Trojan Horses Instant messaging clients allow peer-to-peer file sharing, the instant messaging client to share all files on the system with full access to everyone can be configured by a Trojan Horse and in this way gain backdoor access to the computer. Moreover, the victim computer is on-line; a notification will be send to hacker automatically. So hacker can keeps track and accesses the infected computer easily. Besides, the hacker does not need to open new suspicious ports for communication in that hacker can instead use already open instant messaging ports. Classic backdoor trojans open an outgoing listening port on the computer, forming a connection with a remote machine. If the trojan operates via the instant messaging client, it does not open a new port as the user has usually already created an allow rule for instant messaging traffic to be outbound from their machine, therefore, allowing the backdoor trojan horse using the same channel to go unblocked. l Hijacking and Impersonation Users can be impersonated in many different ways by hacker. The most frequently used attack is solely stealing the account information of an unsuspecting user using the instant messaging or IRC application. Hacker can execute a password-stealing trojan horse to obtain the account information of a user. If the password for the instant messaging client is saved on the computer, the hacker could send a trojan to an unsuspecting user. When trojan executed, it would find the password for the instant messaging account used by the victim and send it back to the hacker. l Denial of Service Instant messaging may lead a computer vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks. These attacks may have different outcomes: A lot of DoS attacks make the instant messaging client crash, hang, and in some cases consume a large amount of computer processing power and causing the entire computer to become unstable. There are many ways in which a hacker can cause a denial of service on an instant messenger client. Furthermore, they are used to combine with other attacks, such as the hijacking of a connection and form a bot network to attack other servers. l Unauthorized Disclosure of Information Information disclosure could occur without the use of a trojan horse. Once the data that is being transmitted via the instant messaging network is not encrypted, a network sniffer can sniff data on most types of networks and can be used to capture the instant messaging traffic. Also, a hacker could sniff the packets from an entire instant messaging session. It can be very dangerous as hacker may gain access to privileged information. It is especially dangerous in the corporate environment in that confidential information may be transmitted along the instant messaging network. 2.2 Recent Incidents Case 1: New IM worm targets Skype users (Published date: 17 Apr 2007) Affected: The IM worm affects Skype users running Windows. Threat Type: Worm Description: A new instant-messaging pest that spreads using the chat feature in Skype has surfaced, security firm F-Secure warned. The worm, dubbed Pykse.A, is similar to threats that affect instant-messaging applications. A targeted Skype user will receive a chat message with text and a Web link that looks like it goes to a JPEG file on a Web site, F-Secure said on its Web site. Clicking the link will redirect the user to a malicious file. The file, after executing, will send a malicious link to all online contacts in a Skype users list and will show a picture of a scantily clad woman, F-Secure said. In addition, it sets the users Skype status message to Do Not Disturb, the security firm said. Pykse also visits a number of Web sites that dont host any malicious code and a site that appears to count infected machines, F-Secure said. The Finnish security company doesnt list any particular malicious payload for Pykse other than it spreading and visiting Web sites. Status: Skype also recommends using antivirus software to check the files received from other people. Case 2: Next-generation Skype Trojan hits web (Published date: 26 Mar 2007) Affected: Warezov Trojan horse to target Skype users. Threat Type: Trojan Horse Description: Miscreants have again adapted the Warezov Trojan horse to target Skype users. The attack is similar to threats that target instant-messaging applications. A targeted Skype user will receive a chat message with the text Check up this and a link to a malicious executable called file_01.exe on a website. Once infected, a computer will be at the beck and call of the attacker and the Trojan horse will start sending messages to the victims Skype contacts to propagate. Status: Skype warned users against opening the malicious file, take caution in general when opening attachments, and also recommends using antivirus software to check incoming files. Case 3: AIM bot creates fight combos to spread (Published date: 18 Sep 2006) Affected: Online attackers have created an instant-messaging bot program for AOL instant messaging that chains together a number of executable files, similar to the combination moves in fight games. Threat type: Worm and Bot Description: The software, dubbed the AIM Pipeline worm, uses modular executable files to infect machines with different functionality but also to make the bot networks growth more robust: if a Web site hosting one of the components gets shutdown, the other pieces of the worm can still spread. Status: America Online has blocked the URLs used in the messages sent by the AIM Pipeline worm. 2.3 Trends l Increase in IM threats IM Security Center researchers tracked 33 malicious code attacks over IM networks during the month of September, bringing the 2007 total to 297. This is a 20% increase in IM threats compared with the same time period last year. (SAN DIEGO Akonix Systems, Inc 2007) Research also indicates that there are more targets affected by IM threats (SANS Institute 2006) l New type of IM worms New IM worms identified include Agent-GCG, Ataxbot, Exploit-VcardGadget, Focelto, MSNFunny, IMBot, MsnSend, MSN-WhoBlocked, Neeris, Pykse, Skipi, STRATION and Yalove. IRCBot was the most common with four variants, followed by Imaut and Neeris with two, respectively. Akonix tracked 16 attacks on P2P networks, such as Kazaa and eDonkey (SAN DIEGO Akonix Systems, Inc) l Evolution of IM threats The vulnerability of IM are used in botnet communication and spread the bot and worms to another computers. When the hacker send the command to botnet army, the consequence of attacks is very serious. Unlike other attacks, botnet can comprised of thousands of computer power to perform a variety of attacks against a wide range target. For example, the botmaster can command each zombie participant in a botnet to launch spamming e-mails to steal the credit card information and launch Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks simultaneously against the thousands of computer. 2.4 Factors for growth of IM threats The growth of instant messaging usage within the organization, vulnerabilities in public IM networks occur during the process of transferring files. When a user transfers files or uses other IM features like file sharing or voice chat, users IP address is revealed. Using this IP address, hackers can have ability to attack the system. Some organizations configure their firewalls to block ports used by IM applications or block the external addresses of IM network servers. But IM applications can be configured to change ports automatically and are capable of penetrating firewalls through ports used by other applications. (For example: port 80). So policy control management is required. 3. Impact to Business Once the IM threats occur in the organizations, they face a significant security risk from disclosure of intellectual property or business-critical information using IMs file attachment capability. As IM is a highly informal means of communication, employees can unintentionally send critical company-confidential information, such as product specifications, code, and blueprints, or private customer data, to friends, colleagues, and competitors. There are three main concerns of using the IM which are identified. l Legal Liability concerns The danger of allowing employees to use IM at work under lacking of security management, the viruses and worms is very easy to expose. On the other hand, organizations face legal and compliance risks when employees share copyrighted, illegal, or inappropriate content via instant messaging. Unmonitored IM applications allow employees to openly transfer files and information that could lead to significant corporate liability. For example, transferring copyrighted MP3 files, movies, and software using IM is common among friends and bypasses the file size restrictions of email. l Employee productivity loss Many employees have already adopted IM which they prefer that IM is regarded as the personal connection with friends of family, because it has not used the telephone to be obvious, talking cant be eavesdropped. Employees can seem it is work, in their keyboard is typed and left, been exchanging the personal connection with friends of family all the time. l IT resource abuse Most organizations dont know what kind of IM should be installed on computer, which employees should use the IM and how often to use IM for business communication such as send, receive files, video conferencing. In addition, it is not uncommon for intensive file sharing over the IM that can influence the performance of the network. 4. Dealing with Instant Messaging threats IM threats can be operated by insider (employees) and outsider (hacker). According to the Figure 4-1, Operational-level employees want to increase their ability to override controls mechanisms base on some factors such as fear of lose their job whereas the top level-manger want to have control mechanism to monitor all harmful activity in the organization. However, top level-mangers always neglect the risk of middle-level managers whose have part of administrative power to act as insider. So that good security management must be executed in the organization to avoid or mitigate the insider and outsider activities. Consequently, prevention, detection, incident response and controls are good measures for security management. 4.1 Prevention Ensure that vendor patches are promptly applied to instant messaging software, interrelated applications, and the underlying operating system. Firewalls to separate all DMZs, internal networks and external un-trusted networks Monitor using an Intrusion Detection/ Prevention system for users. Create secure communications channel when using instant messaging with trusted business partners Do not rely on external IM servers for internal use of instant messaging. Install and use anti-virus and anti-spyware applications. Consider disposing the clear products designed for instant messaging safely. Some product like as Trend Micro IM Security for Microsoft Office and Symantec IM Manager 2007 seamlessly manages can be used for mitigation of the potential risks associated in that they acts a filter and detector between internal and external. Using Multi-factors authentication or biometric authentication to prevent the hacker to login the target computers. 4.2 Detection Monitor and detect using an Intrusion Detection for users creating tunnels for instant messaging. An intrusion detection system (IDS) generally detects unwanted manipulations of computer systems, mainly through the Internet. Enable the auto detect mode of updated antivirus and anti-spyware products for client computer. Filter all http traffic through an authenticating proxy server or firewall to provide additional capabilities of filtering or monitoring instant messaging traffic. Appropriately configure intrusion detection systems. Understand that many instant messaging applications are capable of enabling associated communications to masquerade as otherwise allowed traffic (e.g. http). 4.3 Incident Response Block popular instant messaging ports. Block access to known public instant messaging servers that have not been explicitly authorized. Virus-scanning software at all critical entry points such as firewalls, remote access server, e-mail servers etc. Ensure that vendor patches are promptly applied to instant messaging software, interrelated applications, and the underlying operating system. 4.4 Management Policy Controls Establish policies for acceptable use of instant messaging and ensure that all users are aware of those policies and clearly understand the potential risks. General users should not be allowed to install software. Limit Administrative and Power User level privileges to support personnel with their support ability. If a user must have Administrative or Power User privileges, create a separate account to be used for their daily office functions, internet surfing and on-line communication. 5. Conclusion Instant messaging has clearly taken off as a means of communication. The ability to communicate in real-time makes it an ideal medium for both business and personal communication. Unfortunately, threats that affect instant messaging already exist today, including worms and vulnerabilities that can give hackers remote access to vulnerable computers and can replicate in seconds can affect more than just instant messaging. Therefore, end users and corporations should employ basic security countermeasure. However, update the patch of product can mitigate the occurrence of threats, but these measures are not enough to prevent the network security. Corporations should have other measures for security such as prevention, detection and incident response. Furthermore, management controls are available to less the impact of IM threats. Once these measures get implement, IM threats must become manageable as a result of reducing the damage of business. References Michael E. Whitman and Herbert J. 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